The topic of learning is fashionable, and studies on learning are a trend in research. Following the trends, however, one must remember that learning research should be conducted in a way that closely links them to practical measures. They should thus be easily applied in authentic learning situations and serve to change educational practice. Therefore, that was our goal in creating this book. On the one hand, we decided to consider current scientific trends in learning research. On the other hand, we also wanted our considerations to have a practical dimension. The structure of the book is divided into three interrelated parts. The first section focuses on various processes and phenomena shaping our current reality. It concerns the chosen civilizational transformations, which might be considered the background for the learning and teaching processes analyzed in the following chapters. The second part of the monograph brings insight into the mission of education in the postmodern era, with a focus on learning, development and support of the competencies essential for citizens of the present day world. The final part tackles the meaning of new media and ICT tools in learning and teaching processes. The presented monograph does not aspire to be a comprehensive overview of contemporary education, learning and teaching. It is rather an invitation for readers to reflect on mutual connections between the rapidly transforming reality and educational processes.